U.S. Federal Power Program Issue Brief (PDF)

Summary

The American Public Power Association (APPA) strongly opposes proposals to divest the transmission assets of the Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) and to change their cost-based rate structure to a market-based rate structure.
APPA supports the continued existence and federal ownership of the PMAs and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the sale of federally generated hydropower at cost-based rates.
APPA urges Congress and the Trump administration to ensure that the “beneficiary pays” principle is respected so that federal hydropower customers are not saddled with extra costs from which they derive no benefit.

Background

The federal PMAs provide millions of Americans served by not-for-profit public power utilities and rural electric cooperatives with cost-based hydroelectric power produced at federal dams operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). TVA provides power to 154 public power utilities and rural electric cooperatives serving more than 10 million people in Tennessee and parts of six surrounding states. It was established by Congress in 1933 to provide rural electrification, economic development, flood control, and navigation along the Tennessee River, services that continue to this day. The PMAs and TVA are funded exclusively by ratepayers—no costs are borne by taxpayers. Though often overlooked, they are examples of successful, long-term partnerships between the federal government and local not-for-profit entities that provide valuable energy and infrastructure services to communities and the entire nation.

There are four PMAs—Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Western Area Power Administration (WAPA), Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA), and Southeastern Power Administration (SEPA). These entities market (sell) wholesale electric power to approximately 1,200 public power utilities, rural electric cooperatives, irrigation districts, tribes, and other entities (“preference customers”) in 34 states.1 Each PMA and the customers they serve are unique in statute, but alike in mission. The concept of “preference”—giving not-for-profit utilities first dibs to buy power produced at federal dams—has been in law for over 80 years.

The reasoning behind this concept is that rivers are public goods and as such, the power they generate should not be sold at a profit. Not-for-profit public power utilities and rural electric cooperatives buy the power generated at federal hydropower dams at a price that covers the entire cost of generating the power, plus investment costs, and operations and maintenance for both the PMAs and the Corps or Reclamation (rates are “cost-based”). The PMAs annually review their rates to ensure full cost recovery. None of the costs are borne by taxpayers. Power rates also help to cover the costs of other activities authorized by these multi-purpose projects, such as navigation, flood control, water supply, environmental programs, and recreation.

The annual appropriations process is also important to the PMAs. Power customers pay all the PMA costs through their rates and, for WAPA, SEPA, and SWPA, those monies flow back to the U.S. Treasury. (BPA’s governing statute, amended in the 1980s, allows for a revolving fund so ratepayer money goes directly to BPA rather than to the Treasury.) The PMAs must receive yearly authorizations from Congress through the appropriations process to use monies collected in rates for program direction and for purchased power and wheeling (transmitting). Purchase power activities are crucial in drought situations or when the water at the dam is used for purposes other than for electricity production (i.e., recreation and environmental mitigation).

Administrative and Congressional Action

Both Democratic and Republican presidents have proposed selling the PMAs and TVA in whole or in part. Driving these misguided policy proposals has been the belief that doing so would save the federal government money or that the PMAs and TVA are no longer needed. In reality, PMA and TVA costs are paid for by customers and not the federal government; none of the costs are borne by taxpayers. The sale of these assets to private entities would likely result in attempts by the new owners to charge substantially increased transmission rates to customers for the same service they have historically received. Another recurring misguided proposal is to change the current cost-based rate structure for the PMAs to a market-based rate structure. Given that PMA customers already pay for all the costs associated with generating and transmitting power produced at federal dams, changing the rate structure from cost-based to market-based would position the federal government to profit off retail customers already covering all the costs for their power supplies. Such a move would undermine regional economic development and almost certainly invite legal challenges from wholesale customers holding long-term contracts with the PMAs.

Every proposal made over the years to sell the PMAs or TVA, or to move the PMAs from cost-based to market-based rates, has been met with resounding opposition in Congress. President Biden did not include such proposals in any of his budget requests. President Trump proposed PMA divestment in all four of the budget requests and TVA divestment in three of his budget requests in his first term. President Trump’s “Budget in Brief” for the Department of Energy, a precursor to the president’s full budget request to Congress, included funding for the PMAs, albeit with funding reductions of nine percent for SWPA and 37 percent for WAPA. While APPA appreciates that President Trump did not propose to sell the PMAs, we will continue to engage with policymakers to ensure that the PMAs are funded at appropriate levels.

Increasingly, the Corps is attempting to assign costs associated with Corps-owned hydropower facilities to federal hydropower customers without these customers receiving any additional benefits. The Water Resources Development Act of 2024, biannual water resources legislation, became law in late 2024. The manager’s statement to the bill that passed the House of Representatives included language affirming that no action by the Corps can preempt PMA administrators from setting rates for the sale of electric power from Corps facilities.

Federal hydropower and the PMAs are critical, though often overlooked, elements of the nation’s power supply. Each PMA is unique in its authorizing statutes and the challenges it faces.

SWPA – The current funding process for SWPA has increasingly failed to provide the financial certainty necessary to ensure steady power rates to customers during drought and other extreme weather events. To address this problem, in March 2025, Senator Jerry Moran (R-KS) and Rep. Sam Graves (R-MO) introduced the Southwestern Power Administration Fund Establishment Act (S. 1034/H.R. 2432). This legislation would move SWPA to a “revolving fund” model where receipts from power sales would be deposited into a permanent mandatory Treasury revolving fund and retained across fiscal years to fund future expenses as necessary. Future annual discretionary appropriations would no longer be needed. This change would provide SWPA and its not-for-profit customers with funding certainty for purchase power and wheeling and other costs. This is a proven model of success for federal utility programs with business-like functions. APPA strongly supports S. 1034 and H.R. 2432.

WAPA – WAPA’s customers have long-term contracts for a fixed amount of power. Unfortunately, the protracted drought in the West has caused reservoir levels to drop precipitously, thereby reducing the production of WAPA-marketed hydropower at several Bureau of Reclamation projects. It is possible that reservoir levels may drop so low that hydropower production is no longer possible. To make up for this reduction or even loss of hydropower production, customers must buy replacement power on the wholesale energy market. This means that public power utilities and other WAPA customers are paying twice: once for the ongoing capital repayment and operation and maintenance of the Reclamation project that is unable to produce the contracted amount of hydropower and again for the cost of replacement power. As not-for-profit electric utilities, increased costs are shouldered directly by public power customers.

In July 2024, Reclamation finalized the “Supplement to the 2016 Glen Canyon Dam Long-Term Experimental and Management Plan Record of Decision” (record of decision) and immediately began implementing bypass flows of the generators at the Glen Canyon Dam in Arizona to combat predatory smallmouth bass in the Colorado River. WAPA must replace this lost hydropower generation with power purchased on the open market at variable prices. This amounted to nearly $20 million in 2024. To address this issue, Rep. Harriet Hageman (R-WY) introduced H.R. 1001 in February. It would require Reclamation and WAPA to enter into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to address the diminished hydropower production at the dam due to the record of decision. The MOU would require WAPA and Reclamation to convene with hydropower customers and other interested stakeholders— members of the already-established Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Work Group—to produce an action plan to address the effects of the bypass flows and the impacts of diminished hydropower generation at Glen Canyon Dam. The bill was approved by voice vote in the House in May. APPA supports the legislation and its companion in the Senate.

BPA – The United States and Canada agreed to the Columbia River Treaty (CRT) in 1964 for the mutual development of the Columbia River power and flood control systems. Under the treaty, the U.S. provides payments to Canada, called the Canadian Entitlement (CE), in the form of returned power generation. The CE amount is calculated using a formula from 1961, which was based on the expected improvement to U.S. hydropower generation capability due to Canadian storage. Today, these calculations exceed the actual benefits of coordinated operations by an estimated 70-90 percent. An equitable rebalancing of this problem is worth more than a billion dollars to U.S. consumers at a time when many are already facing rising energy prices. In July 2024, the United States and Canada agreed to an agreement in principle to modernize the CRT. Talks between the two nations continue but have been complicated by ongoing trade negotiations between the two nations. APPA urges Congress to press the State Department and the entire negotiating team working under National Security Council officials to move faster on renegotiating the treaty with a particular emphasis on rebalancing the power provisions between the U.S. and Canada.

The four federal Lower Snake River dams (LSRDs) have the capacity to generate over 3,000 MW of emissions-free electricity for the Pacific Northwest. Breaching the LSRDs has been a focus of environmental groups in the region, culminating in the December 2023 “Columbia River Basin Restoration Initiative.” The agreement set commitments made by the federal government and implemented through a MOU between the United States; the States of Oregon and Washington; multiple tribes in the region; and numerous environmental non-profit organizations. It stated the U.S. government’s commitment to restoring salmon populations along the Columbia River Basin, which can include breach of the LSRDs. In June 2025, President Trump released an executive memorandum stating the federal government’s intent to withdrawal from the MOU.

In March 2025, Representative Dan Newhouse (R-WA) introduced legislation in support of hydropower and the LSRDs. H.R. 2073, the Defending Our Dams Act, would prohibit the use of federal funds to allow or study the breach or alteration of the LSRDs. It would prohibit the breaching of federally operated dams if the breach would result in an increase in carbon emissions by more than five percent, would negatively impact navigation for commerce, or would result in an increase of at least five percent of the cost of goods being shipped.

SEPA – There have been increasing instances in recent years of assigning non-hydropower related costs to hydropower customers at multi-purpose dams. This practice has been most visible at SEPA projects. APPA supports efforts to improve transparency in accounting for costs to ensure that hydropower customers are not asked to bear costs unrelated to hydropower production.

APPA Contact 

Sam Owen, Government Relations Director, 202-438-6467 / sowen@publicpower.org

  1. The following states receive a portion of their power from the PMAs. BPA: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana (part). WAPA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas (part), Minnesota, Montana (part), North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas (part), Utah, and Wyoming. SWPA: Arkansas, Kansas (part), Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas (part). SEPA: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.